Recognizing and Responding to Early Signs of Severe Infection: A Guide for Patients and Loved Ones

The identification and early treatment of severe infections like sepsis can be a life-saving measure. While many people associate fever with severe infections, it is important to recognize other critical signs that may indicate the need for immediate medical attention. This guide provides key insights and steps for patients and their loved ones to follow when suspecting a severe infection.

What Are the Signs of Sepsis?

Fever is often the first sign patients and caregivers think of when suspecting a severe infection. However, it is crucial to understand that fever is not a reliable indicator of sepsis. Instead, medical professionals have outlined a set of signs known as the Sepsis 6, which includes changes in mental state, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and decreased urine output.

Key Signs of Sepsis to Watch Out For

There are four primary signs of sepsis that patients and their loved ones should be aware of. These signs, when present, warrant immediate attention:

Sudden Change in Mental State

Mental changes associated with sepsis can be rapid and sudden, unlike the gradual changes seen in conditions such as depression or dementia. In elderly patients, a urinary tract infection (UTI) can also cause rapid mental changes. It is crucial to observe for rapid changes in cognitive function, as these can be early indicators of sepsis.

Rapid Breathing

Monitoring respiratory rate is essential in identifying signs of sepsis. While a respiratory rate over 25 breaths per minute in adults is a cautionary sign, a rate of 40 or greater should be addressed immediately. It is important to be familiar with age-appropriate respiratory guidelines to make accurate assessments.

Rapid Heart Rate (Tachycardia)

The resting heart rate can provide valuable information regarding a patient's condition. For adults, a pulse rate greater than 120 beats per minute is a strong indicator of sepsis. However, in children, the heart rate is age-dependent, but a rate below 50 beats per minute should also be monitored. Additionally, it is important to consider the fitness level of the individual when assessing a low heart rate.

Decreased Urine Output

Reduced urine output can be a critical sign of sepsis, especially in a home setting. In my experience as an emergency department nurse, increasing confusion and decreased urine output would prompt the immediate referral to the emergency department.

What to Do If You Suspect Sepsis

Recognizing the signs of sepsis is only the first step. The next action required is to seek immediate medical care. Here is what you should do:

See a Doctor: For any persistent fever or chills, it is essential to visit a healthcare provider promptly. If the symptoms are severe, heading to the emergency room (ER) can be necessary. Prompt medical attention can provide the necessary support and treatment to prevent the progression of sepsis. IV Therapy and Hydration: Once under medical care, patients may require intravenous (IV) therapy and hydration. Sepsis can lead to severe dehydration, and timely IV fluids are crucial for recovery.

By being vigilant and taking swift action when these signs appear, patients and their loved ones can play a critical role in the timely diagnosis and treatment of severe infections like sepsis.